This review aimed to evaluate whether environmental levels of perchlorate are sufficient to cause the most sensitive adverse health effects. A short overview of the human health effects issues related to exposure to perchlorate will also be presented. 0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE. Using data from the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, subjects were categorized into exposure groups based on their urinary perchlorate, iodine, and thiocyanate concentrations, and mean serum thyroxine concentrations were compared between groups. The potential toxicity of perchlorate in humans is currently under widespread debate. 1. Perchlorate is an environmental contaminant that blocks iodine/iodide uptake into the thyroid gland (1). One place where perchlorate occurs naturally is in saltpeter deposits in Chile, where the saltpeter is used to make fertilizer. 2015. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1409614. Iodine, an essential nutrient, is necessary for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). thus, has been used treat hyperthyroidism since 1950s. This agent is an irritant of eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. non-cancer health effects over a specified duration of exposure (ATSDR 2008, 2016). Perchlorate exerts its effects by competing with iodide at the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS), the transport system that transports iodine into the thyroid gland. Manju , 9 Shaiju Param , 10 M. G. Rajamanickam , 11 U.G Unnikrishnan 12 et al. Perchlorate in Water Supplies: Sources, Exposures, and Health Effects Craig M. Steinmaus1 Published online: 30 March 2016 # Springer International Publishing AG 2016 Abstract Perchlorate exposure occurs from ingestion of nat-ural or man-made perchlorate in food or water. Human Health. Health Canada. The updated PHG is lower because it incorporates new research about the effects of perchlorate on infants. Health Effects. Identified associations between increasing urinary perchlorate and decreasing thyroxine, decreasing free thyroxine, and increasing thyroid stimulating hormone. 0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE. The amounts of perchlorate used in these animal studies are huge, relative to potential human exposure. [EHP 110:927–937 (2002)], the triangle and diamond symbols in the key were transposed. Biological and chemical processes are also effective in removing this species from water. Iodide is an essential component in two hormones produced by the thyroid. Hypothyroidism may occur following chronic exposures. What other studies might be needed? It can be removed from water by anion exchange or membrane filtration. [PMC free article] Greer MA, Goodman G, Pleus RC, Greer SE. Perchlorate was first discovered to affect the thyroid 50 years ago, but only recently has research focused on its effects at low levels. Perchlorate is used in a variety of industrial products including missile fuel, fireworks, and fertilizers, and industrial contamination of drinking water supplies has occurred in a number of areas. Perchlorate is measured in environmental samples primarily by ion chromatography. perchlorate potent competitive inhibitor of thyroid sodium-iodide symporter. The perchlorate anion is biologically significant specifically with respect to the functioning of the thyroid gland. Health Effects Assessment for Environmental Perchlorate Contamination: The Dose Response for Inhibition of Thyroidal Radioiodine Uptake in Humans Monte A. Greer,1 Gay Goodman,2 Richard C. Pleus,2 and Susan E. Greer1 1Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; 2Intertox, Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA The ammonium salt of the perchlorate ion is manufactured primarily for use … Perchlorate: Health Effects and Technologies for Its Removal from Water Resources . Joe Thomas , 2 Ponnu Jose 2 Perchlorate acts pharmacologically as a competitive inhibitor of thyroidal iodide uptake in mammals, but the impacts of perchlorate contamination in aquatic ecosystems and, in particular, the effects on fish are unclear. Perchlorate exposure occurs from ingestion of natural or man-made perchlorate in food or water. Perchlorate in the environment is a health concern because it can disrupt the thyroid’s ability to produce hormones needed for normal growth and development. Since publication of the third edition, they comprise a series of free-standing monographs, including this one. Chlorates are nephrotoxic; acute renal failure may occur. Possible Effects of Perchlorate Contamination of Drinking Water on Thyroid Health Sunny P Orathel , 1 Ronnie Thomas , 2 N. Chandramohanakumar , 3 Joy Job Kulavelil , 4 Krishnapillai Girish Kumar , 5 Vadayath Usha Menon , 6 P. Jayaprakash , 7 Sajitha Krishnan , 8 P.S. Perchlorate is a naturally occurring and manmade chemical that can affect the functioning of the thyroid gland at sufficiently high doses. Known Health Effects Rocket Fuel in Drinking Water: New Studies Show Harm From Much Lower Doses. In 2011, EPA determined that perchlorate meets the Safe Drinking Water Act criteria for regulation as a contaminant. For all of these reasons, this study does not change CDC’s existing recommendations for infant feeding. They are very potent oxidizing agents; exposure may result in hemolysis with methemoglobin formation and secondary DIC. What are the Human Health Effects of Perchlorate? The study also did not assess potential health effects of exposure. 2. To determine the health effects of perchlorate in humans, fairly extensive animal toxicity studies have been conducted. It is also noted that perchlorate can cross the placenta of guinea pigs, and may possibly produce goiter in the fetus. In addition to the detrimental effects this toxin can have on thyroid health, in his book Dr. Brownstein also discussed … health effects thyroid inhibition. The endpoint most significant to public health is an adverse impact on the developing fetal brain. A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE . Faculty of Engineering, University of Regina, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada. The Agency found that perchlorate may have an adverse effect on the health of persons and is known to occur in public drinking water systems with a frequency and at levels that present a public health concern. In the first and second editions, these constituted Volume 2 of the GDWQ. This updates the previous California PHG of 6 ppb perchlorate, which was set in 2004. The health effects of perchlorate salts are due to the perchlorate itself and not to the other component (i.e., magnesium, ammonium, potassium, etc.). Perchlorate is a known environmental contaminant, largely due to widespread military use as a propellant. Perchlorate affects the ability of the thyroid gland to take up iodine, an important chemical needed to make hormones that regulate many body functions after they are released into the blood. In a 2004 report, the NRC confirmed that perchlorate blocks iodide uptake by the thyroid. Top of Page . Int. by Asha Srinivasan 1 and Thiruvenkatachari Viraraghavan 2,* 1. Perchlorate exposure at certain levels can disrupt the function of the thyroid gland by interfering with the iodide uptake and thyroid hormone production. Perchlorate Health Effects. For example, too much vitamin C, or even too much oxygen, can be “toxic” at high doses, but the mere presence of these compounds doesn’t mean they pose a health risk. The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) published an updated public health goal (PHG) of 1 part per billion (ppb) for perchlorate in drinking water in February 2015. The following chronic (long-term) health effects can occur at some time after exposure to Potassium Perchlorate and can last for months or years: Cancer Hazard * According to the information presently available to the New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Potassium Perchlorate has not been tested for its ability to cause cancer in animals. 0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE . EPA then worked with the FDA to develop a dose-response model to analyze the effects of perchlorate on thyroid hormone production. J. Environ. Perchlorate Behavior in a Municipal Lake Following Fireworks Displays [185 KB] Perchlorate salts of potassium and ammonium are the primary oxidants in pyrotechnic mixtures, yet insufficient information is available regarding the relationship between fireworks displays and the environmental occurrence of perchlorate. Ginsberg G, Rice D. 2005 The NAS perchlorate review: questions remain about the perchlorate RfD Environ Health Perspect 113 1117–1119.111910.1289/ehp.8254. 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