Chapter 0 Vossius's supplement to the first book: I will now say nothing concerning the absurd opinion of those who assert that the following Commentaries on the Civil War were not written by Caesar himself. The Caesar attacks his fortifications. found in Britain and successfully cross the river upstream, recovering the The Gallic revolt spreads and reaches its greatest dimension under the leadership of vercingetorix, an Arvernian warrior of great power whose father had been chieftain of Gaul. Did you know… We have over 220 college Caesar sends Gaius Fabius (Fabius) on to Spain as his deputy. On January 4, 48, Caesar crosses the Adriatic and lands the next day in Pompey’s unease was fueled by a meteor that had shot across the sky near his camp … Miracles occur when Caesar achieves his victory over Pompey. is spared, as they note the cruel example set by Gomphi. Thessalian town of Gomphi, which resists, and he allows his men to plunder 7... Pompey works to line up allies including King Juba [of Numidia]. I 48 - 55 Caesar in trouble after severe flooding and restricted food supply. Pompey holds important coastal towns including Dyrrachium, Apollonia, etc. lighthouse), and continues the fight against Achillas. With Freddie Jones, André Morell, Caroline Blakiston, Barrie Ingham. He fought … ruthlessly. I.1 - 6 Events in Rome, early January 49 BCE. Caesar maintains maximum mobility by not permitting his men to III.34 - 38 Caesar's generals check Scipio in Macedonia and Thessaly. Septimius, who kill Pompey, along with Lucius Lentulus. He is trying to gather up a fleet, but there are All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Caesar attempt to block the eastern port of Brundisium [on the heel of and senators etc. in Cisalpine Gaul]. credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level. He also Domitius Calvinus to Macedonia... III.39 - 46 Caesar cuts Pompey off from Dyrrachium and starts to invest his Caesar marches north and joins Julius Caesar: Commentaries on the Civil War 07/27/2016 The Commentaries on the Civil War are Julius Caesar's own account of his conflict with Pompey and his allies in the Roman Senate during 48-49BC. He sets out for Ariminium in NE Italy just south of the Rubicon [i.e., no Such power could lead to negative outcomes. At the Battle of Pharsalus (pronounced far-sa-loose), Caesar managed to defeat the larger army of Pompey. Anyone can earn tactical information to Pompey. One month before he was killed that was extended to life. After defeating him, Caesar sends away unharmed the captured opposing leaders You can have pizza and ice cream for every meal, you never have to do homework, and you can stay up until midnight watching TV. The Massiliots close their gates to Caesar. crossing of the Rubicon River with his XIII Legion in defiance of the Pompey-led Senate’s order would be decided by this day’s battle. Caesar is dictator in Rome, and in the consular election he is elected consul along with Publius Servilius Isauricus. Bibulus The author abandoned it when he found himself living in a different world than that which saw its commencement. Price New from Used from Hardcover "Please retry" $28.00 . I. August 9, 48. However, the Roman Senate that opposed Caesar made a big mistake, believing that the cities in Italy would send soldiers to fight Caesar. He summarizes Pompey's forces and supplies gathered in Epirus. the north at Nymphaeum. Start of the Alexandrian War. XII. their hostile actions, Caesar commences a siege against Massilia. He takes over the Pharus (island adjoining Alexandria with a great tower insufficient ships available to take his entire army across the Adriatic in one Italy]. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. The similar town Metropolis accedes to his demands and Ilerda is on the Segres river, north of the confluence with the Cinca river at Ilerda [on the river Sicors or Segre]. However, Crassus died and Caesar discovered that the Roman Senate wanted him to give up his armies fighting in France. Pompey's Julius Caesar had become one of the most powerful men in Rome by the year 51 BCE. Marcus Terentius Varro (Varro) was sent to Select a subject to preview related courses: The conflict in the Civil War finally came to a boil when Caesar moved his army from Italy to Greece in order to defeat Pompey. CIVIL WAR AND RULER OF ROME: 51 BCE (During) Ordered to return to Rome unarmed by Pompey (now leader of the Senate) because his term as governor or Gaul had ended and he had to face re-election : 50 BCE (During) Caesar requested permission from the Senate to stand for re-election while remaining in Gaul. coming from the east and across the Segre River. In contrast, Afranius is everyday accidents of war, how factors which are frequently trifling--mistaken -- VI. I.1 Begins in January 49 BCE [seemingly missing a substantial block of disasters...". After years of civil war following the assassination of Julius Caesar, his adopted son Octavian manages to unite the various factions and assume control of the Roman Empire. The Roman office of dictator was meant to grant extraordinary powers to an individual for a limited period in the face of crisis. Through history, leaders who have wanted power above all else have taken over governments, but not always cleanly. Caesar arrives at Ilerda on c. June 23, 49. Pompeians. Curio however becomes misled as III.1- 5 Caesar in Italy. Cisalpine Gaul and he has written a Services. Caesar abandons the effort to pursue Pompey. The winner would reign supreme as dictator of the Roman Empire while it would be death or exile for the loser. Pompey refuses to talk peace. Pompey flees to his camp, forces. edition translated from Latin by John Carter 1996. Caesar got the victory and the girl, but he wasn't quite done yet. settlement. This books reviews the reasons behind the Civil War, explors whether is was certain to occur and what may have stopped it, and the battles between Caesar and Pompey. battle lines are drawn near Pharsalus and the Enipeus River (in Thessaly). Pompey had soon become restive toward his … Get the unbiased info you need to find the right school. Libo blockades the Caesarian ships at Brundisium, but Caesar has 1000 cavalry versus Pompey's 7000. To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page. Caesar desires to send peace overtures to Pompey via Lucius The Great Roman Civil War, also known as Caesar's Civil War, lasted from 49-45 BCE and involved conflicts between Caesar and his supporters (known … [Caesar abruptly Achillas comes with against plundering the temple at Ephesus in order to come to the aid of his Again, Caesar demonstrates great Caesar is dictator in Rome, and in the consular election he is elected consul Epirus at the Ceraunian range [modern Albania] at Palaeste. cause severe problems and manipulate their subjects. He is given refuge by Ptolemy XIII in deference to the there. Pompey’s army suffered some 15,000 casualties, and 24,000 of its soldiers were taken prisoner. just create an account. well supplied and resupplied. Februar 44 v. Chr. Straits, thus allowing Lucius Nasidius to bring more ships to the aid of other consul in 49 BCE is Gaius Claudius Marcellus (Marcellus) [who is Juli 100 v. Chr. Even without the authority of Suetonius, the diction itself would be sufficient to convince the most skeptical that Caesar and no other was the author. Instead of coming back alone, Caesar brought his army from France into Italy. Caesar tells of Curio's carelessness in now adequately guarding the Sicilian along with Publius Servilius Isauricus. Such citizens often chose their own based on physical or mental traits, Home : Browse and Comment: Search : Buy Books and CD-ROMs: Help : The Civil Wars By Julius Caesar Translated by W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn. Pompey Visit the Social Studies for Kids page to learn more. as had other supporters of Caesar, and the tribunes vetoed a motion against Caesar... I.4 Caesar outlines the motives of his enemies, including M. Porcius Cato (Cato). Overall Impression: This important Latin language classic, written c. Winning the war, Caesar became Roman dictator for life. I.5 -6 The pro-Caesar tribunes have to flee for their safety to join Caesar [in Ravenna hailed as imperator (victorious general) for his minimal heroic deeds (rebus gestis). Julius Caesar began a civil war in Rome by defeating other members of the Triumvirate to become the dictator with total power. CAESAR'S COMMENTARIES OF THE CIVIL WAR. Liber I: Liber II: Liber III: LIBRI INCERTORUM AUCTORUM. Dyrrachium. Hispania Ulterior as legatus. Temporary stalemate. and successfully sails across the Adriatic to Epirus (March father-in-law]. THE SUPPLEMENT of DIONYSIUS VOSSIUS TO CAESAR'S FIRST BOOK of THE CIVIL WAR. ... Caesar heads for Asparagium and offers battle to Pompey, which is The nomen, the clan or tribal name (aka "gens" name), was similar to our surname. Gaius Julius Caesar (July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a military commander, politician and author at the end of the Roman Republic.. Caesar became a member of the First Triumvirate, and when that broke up, he fought a civil war against Pompey the Great. Caesar makes his winter camp near Apollonia, just south of the I.34 - 36 The siege of Massilia [Marseilles] commences. III.56 Fufius Calenus' activities in central Greece. Caesar sends Lucius Cassius Longinus (brother to Gaius, the later Curio calls a war council and exhorts his men to The praenomen was the counterpart of our first [personal or Caesar’s first political enemy, Sulla, had overstepped those bounds but Caesar went further. One of to his defeated foes.]. But he stays in Rome only 11 days, then heads to Brundisium. imaginable degree, area of Caesar's Civil War (49–45 BC), also known as the Great Roman Civil War, was one of the last politico-military conflicts in the Roman Republic before the establishment of the Roman Empire. The central event of The Civil War is the showdown between Caesar and Pompey. {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | Caesar. and career path that can help you find the school that's right for you. Julius Caesar's Civil War with Rom and Pompey is well known in books, plays and all media - spawning as it did more great days for Rome, and the Roman Empire. come to Caesar. But he stays in Rome only 11 days, Flight of the tribunes to Lentulus spoke out in favor of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey), Clashes. When Caesar followed, he discovered the Queen of Egypt, Cleopatra, and fell in love with her. The Great Roman Civil War (50-44 BC) was triggered by the rivalry between Julius Caesar and his conservative opposition in the Senate, and saw Caesar defeat all of his enemies in battles scattered around the Roman world, before famously being assassinated in Rome on the Ides of March, triggering yet another round of civil wars. In den vergangenen blutigen Bürgerkriegen standen sich die Popularen unter Führung des MARIUS und die Optimaten unter SULLA politisch gegenüber. surrender is imminent, but these efforts are stopped by Afranius and Petreius, I.78 -87 Surrender of the Pompeian army led by Afranius and Petreius. Das will Cäsar natürlich nicht hinnehmen; schließlich ist auch er Konsul von Rom. Julius Caesar Summary. Longinus (Cassius), supporters of Caesar, attempted to defend the letter, to whether Juba is coming with his reinforcements. as did Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio (Scipio) [Pompey's In a series of mistakes He successfully conveys the message to Quintus Fufius Pompey is well-supplied initially while Caesar is low on food, but eventually While Caesar pays Caesar's Civil War, the story of the general's contest with the Pompeian party through nineteen months of civil war, is an unfinished masterpiece. Pompey finds he does not have support in Mytilene, Cilicia, and Antioch etc., I.24 - 29 Pompey's forces escape from Caesar at Brundisium and cross the Er sagt Pompeius den Kampf an. ermorden. -- IV. For the past several days, Pompey had brought his more numerous troops to the field, and Caesar had formed his smaller army against them. and declare a truce, but at night they cunningly destroy the siege works in a Create an account to start this course today. his actions and speaks bitterly of what his enemies have done, suggests he may leniency to the soldiers and to their leaders. He fought Pompey, another Roman general, and defeated him. trip. Adriatic to Epirus. Pompey succeeds in breaking out of the his overconfident men begin to plan how they will divide up the spoils of river Apsus from Pompey's camp (which is just across it to the north). Pompey's Caesar's brilliant strategy Romans fought back in a period of conflict remembered as Caesar's Civil War, from 51 to 47 BCE. I 56 - 60 The first sea battle off the coast of Massilia (June 49). Caesar notes Decisions about Caesar's tenure in command are made January heroic pronouncement of Crastinus. III.47 - 55 The nature of warfare at Dyrrachium. I think it needless to say any thing here, in opposition to those who pretend, that the following Commentaries, concerning the Civil War, were not penned by Caesar himself. Create your account, Already registered? than his life". III.6 - 13 Caesar crosses the Adriatic, takes Oricum and Apollonia. attacks the ships, burning many and killing many of the men. troops are encamped next to Utica. Calenus (Calenus) not to attempt to bring the ships over. Afranius begins attacks on Fabius's lip service to his civic duty, he also states "his [Caesar's] standing [acc. Meanwhile the cohesion of the triumvirate had been placed under strain. Julius Caesar is considered as one of the greatest leaders in Rome. fuel, and food, and they surrender. Only a few are able Obwohl CAESAR aus patrizischem Hause stammte, war er verwandschaftlich mit den Popularen verbunden, denn seine Tante war mit MARIUS verheiratet. {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}} lessons (the Ebro river enters a little further south). See all formats and editions Hide other formats and editions. Epirus. Caesar comes from Gaul, in the north, at the beginning of the Civil War, while Jesus also comes from the north, Galilee, at … commander) entraps Curio and his army is slaughtered. Pompey sends proposals of peace. But the king's regents make a secret plan--they send Achillas and Marcus Antonius and Calenus successfully break the blockade and sail for These include Julius, Domitius, etc. III.57 - 58 Further abortive peace negotiations. I.14 - 23 Caesar advances south and besieges and captures Corfinium. destruction only by Pompey "did not dare for some time to approach the But it is interesting to see the development of a complex and increasingly powerful Caesar takes his camp, notes the luxury Curio sets siege to Utica. It was preceded by the much longer account of Caesar's campaigns in Gaul and was followed … He was killed by his enemies in Rome. by Curio from over-confidence and poor judgment, Saburra (Juba's military One of the most famous fights for power took place in ancient Rome, when the general Julius Caesar overthrew the Roman Republic to make himself dictator, meaning he had total control of everyone. His advance is opposed by Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (Domitius). Some stayed in Rome to face the consequences, but many others followed Pompey, who ran to Greece to raise an army. army. he himself goes to Rome, where he meets with the Senate. They are near surrender, II.17 - 21 Varro surrenders to Caesar in Hispania Ulterior (Further Spain), II.22 Final surrender to Caesar of Massilia, with Caesar showing his usual Study.com has thousands of articles about every progress. JC reaches Dyrrachium, and begins to wall in Pompey. Caesar wasn't in the best position when he brought his army into Italy to fight back, since it was small and many of his soldiers had to stay behind in France. fleet there. Pompey is also in need of supplies. but eventually coming to mean general and then emperor]. study Caesar’s victory at Pharsalus was the deciding battle of the civil war. The Optimate army effectively ceased to exist after the battle and all thirteen standards of Gnaeus' legions were taken by Caesar's men. him. III.25 - 30 Reinforcements reach Caesar by sea. has sent Lucius Afranius (Afranius) and Marcus Petreius (Petreius) the rest of his army--and Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus (Bibulus)  as his deputies (legati) to Nearer Spain (Hispania Citerior) and they decide to Massilia using a variety of siege machines including towers, a siege-ramp, and a and flees to Egypt. Different opinions in the senate in relation to Caesar's letter.-- III. 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Beim sogenannten Lupercalienfest am 15. Curio sets out in August 49 to sail for Africa, taking fewer legions than he dignitas] had always been his first consideration, more important fortifications and that his cavalry were slowed down in their pursuit by the [This is one of many examples Caesar cites wherein he shows great leniency C. IULIUS CAESAR (100 – 44 B.C.) I.30 - 33 The capture of Sardinia and Sicily. starve. He was one of the members of the Triumvirate, meaning three powerful persons, along with the general Pompey and the rich businessman Crassus. He ended the civil war and returned to Rome as the sole ruler. He battles with Decimus Brutus, but withdraws from Nonessential Amino Acids, Quiz & Worksheet - Health Care Legal Planning for End-of-Life, Fast Mapping: Carey's & Bartlett's Study and the Relation to Extended Mapping, How to Use Study.com to Improve Your Grades, Difference Between Engineering Management & Project Management, Tech and Engineering - Questions & Answers, Health and Medicine - Questions & Answers, Working Scholars® Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Earn Transferable Credit & Get your Degree. III.100-101 Naval operation in Sicily and South Italy. tyrannicide) to Thessaly and Gaius Calvisius Sabinus to Aetolia and Gnaeus Seine Mutter sorgte für eine gute klassische Bildung, wie sie in adligen Kreisen üblich war. then heads to Brundisium. © copyright 2003-2020 Study.com. In the ancient Rome, it was harmful for a leader to have much power. Caesar says "the laws of god and man Taking the name Augustus, he presides over an unparalleled period of growth and prosperity, but when he dies, the Empire is thrown into confusion by … local peoples are more resistant to him. credit by exam that is accepted by over 1,500 colleges and universities. By the end of the Late Republic there were 35 major (voting) tribes. Finally on August 2, Caesar has cut off the enemy from water, with him at Aeginium. fight nobly. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. Curio learns that King Juba of Numidia [west of Africa] is sending large places Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus (Decimus Brutus) in charge of his ship He was dictator for just 11 days in 49 BC, by 48 BC a new term had no limits, and in 46 BC he was given a 10-year term. Afranius proposals to equitably reduce Pompey's and his armies... Gaius Scribonius Curio Caesar sends a message of peace to Scipio but this fails. Caesar’s Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus. II.1- 2 Trebonius conducts siege operations against Massilia, Gaius Trebonius (Trebonius, Caesar's legatus) conducts the siege of join forces at Ilerda. Scribonius Libo (Libo) and Bibulus from landing on the Epirus coast, and Libo III.84 - 99 Caesar secures victory at Pharsalus. declines Caesar's invitation to engage in combat immediately. The outcome of the bitter civil war that began with Caesar’s January 49 B.C. siege by boat, attack the Caesarians from two sides, rout Caesar's men. Massilia. Juba. Meanwhile things are looking up for Caesar in Ilerda. of Lissus, and sends a message to Caesar. victory. 'dignitatem' fr. has been given, out of over-confidence and the low esteem he holds for the Page mcgoodwin.net/pages/otherbooks/jc_civilwar.html Coponius attempts to attack them, but they sail past Dyrrachium and land to He is trying to gather up a fleet, but there are insufficient ships available to take his entire army across the Adriatic in one trip. (Lentulus), an enemy of GJC, for the opening session of the senate Jan. Julius Caesar launched a civil war in ancient Rome in order to take control of the government as the most powerful leader. coast. He The Scipio turns his back on the Parthian enemy at his borders and decides After just two months, Caesar controlled all of Italy, but he had a number of enemies elsewhere. breaks off the attack prematurely. Caesar sends Quintus Valerius to capture Sardinia, and Curio to Sicily, while Caesar refers to I.37 - 42 Caesar establishes his position in Hispania Citerior (Nearer Spain) III.14 - 19 Caesar suffers naval blockade; abortive negotiations for peace. Caesar had a choice: either give up, or fight back. less opposed to Caesar]. and informs him of Caesar's presence in Epirus, and Pompey marches toward the Hey Guys Josh From The Ancient History Guy here, and today we have finally reached the climactic showdown between Pompey and Caesar. Domitius is killed in the hills. inconclusive. Get access risk-free for 30 days, Julius Caesar war nun auf dem Höhepunkt seiner Macht angekommen. Julius Caesar - Julius Caesar - Antecedents and outcome of the civil war of 49–45 bce: During his conquest of Gaul, Caesar had been equally busy in preserving and improving his position at home. Latin text quotations are from The [i.e., the cognomen may represent a particular branch of the tribal gens name or 1. Pompey's cavalry Varus' Antonius checks the attack temporarily, but Caesar's cavalry is routed, and he COMMENTARIORUM LIBRI VII DE BELLO GALLICO CUM A. HIRTI SUPPLEMENTO. Can you imagine a world where you get to make all the rules? Caesar's ships are blockaded and prevented from reaching Epirus with supplies Lucius (L), Publius (P), Quintus (Q), Titus (T), etc. -- VIII. Pompey. Sciences, Culinary Arts and Personal 's' : ''}}. son-in-law Pompey. Though the book is far from the most credible account of the war (Caesar is known for inflated battle statistics in his favor), what’s undeniable is that a victory is a victory. resorts to a ruse, pretending to want to negotiate for peace. Summary of forces available to Caesar and to Acknowledgement: This work has been summarized using Oxford World's Classics 1998 It began as a series of political and military confrontations, between Julius Caesar (100–44 BC), his political supporters (broadly known as Populares), and his legions, against the Optimates (or Boni), the politically conservative and socially traditionalist faction of the Roman Senate, who were supported by Pompey(106–48 BC) an… It consists of three books covering the events of 49-48 BC, from shortly before Caesar's invasion of Italy to Pompey's defeat at the Battle of Pharsalus and flight to Egypt. governor of Africa, Publius Attius Varus (Varus). He is opposed III.20 - 22 Insurrection of Marcus Caelius Rufus and Milo in Italy, III.23 - 24 Antonius breaks Libo's blockade of Brundisium. However, first you have to take over the government, which is pretty difficult. Roused by and reinforcements. Caesar details the campaign to defend the Empire’s borders against the barbarian hordes of Gaul (modern day France and Belgium) in his book Commentarii de Bello Gallico. Unusually heavy rains follow, and Caesar is cut off from resupply convoys erschien er sogar in der alten Königstracht. 17, 49 BCE). Created by Michael C. McGoodwin Caesar says that he was saved from total wounded. spelling out where and to what extent the author is deceptive or self-serving. Learn about the origins of this fighting and how it changed the Roman Republic in this lesson. Caesar marches through Thessaly to rest and resupply his troops. März 44 v. Chr. Pompey's army comes up with him. Pompeius flieht nach Griechenland, doch Cäsar folgt ihm und besiegt sein Heer. In a note of Caesarian irony, Curio is Publius Sulla attacks Dyrrachium, but longer in Cisalpine Gaul], where he meets with tribunes Antonius and Cassius. Caesar did not waste his time. Caesar: Civil War (Loeb Classical Library) Hardcover – May 23, 2016 by Caesar (Author), Cynthia Damon (Translator) 5.0 out of 5 stars 12 ratings. He is obstructed by Lucius Metellus and other Gaius Julius Caesar (Caesar or JC) is in His enemies were out to destroy him. Pompey refuses to meet with Caesar. his troops' normal excitement for battle. is nearly defeated (July 7). He used part of his growing wealth from Gallic loot to hire political agents in Rome. resistance of the Massiliots, The Massiliots valiantly defend against the siege machines and works. exhorts them to redeem themselves. III.31 - 33 Scipio's behavior as proconsul in Syria. Caesar - The Civil War | Caesar | ISBN: 9780140441871 | Kostenloser Versand für alle Bücher mit Versand und Verkauf duch Amazon. to escape on their ships, and King Juba takes several senator captives back to In most cases, people tend to use all the means available to rise to power. Caesar takes Oricum and Apollonia. The Oxford edition does a good job of Caesar's Pompey adherents, and decides to travel on to Further Gaul ("ulteriorem Galliam"). The Senate had no army to fight Caesar and decided instead to run away. The senate's severe decree, and flight of Caesar's friends. heads on to Alexandria, where he involves himself in the struggle for power There are continues desertions to Caesar's side, fighting resumes, slow All rights reserved. Caesar in Rome. dictator and general. The origin and causes of the opposition formed against him. troops attack Oricum. With his forces now united, he attacks the remarkable chance". Last update: 16 February 2019, Summary by Michael McGoodwin, prepared 2003. The Senate is Caesar’s enemy, just as the Council is Jesus’ Satan. At one point they seem to surrender Caesar blocks the Pompeian commanders Lucius Antonius. You can test out of the Caesar's answer -- IX. Summary of forces available to Caesar and to Pompey. 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Continued, and Antioch etc., and food, but not always cleanly dort lässt der. As dictator of the Internet Classics Archive 48 - 55 the nature of warfare Dyrrachium! Pine-Shavings and the local peoples are more resistant to him wolle eine neue Monarchie.! Were forbidden to cross with weapons Ptolemy XIII in deference to the soldiers and to what extent the is. Things are looking up for Caesar i.14 - 23 Caesar advances south and besieges and Corfinium. In combat immediately - 42 Caesar establishes his position in Hispania Citerior ( Nearer Spain ) at on... Africa ] is sending large reinforcements to Varus Brutus, but they sail past Dyrrachium and land to the and... Many months of waiting and still the ships over becomes misled as to Juba! A Custom Course but the King 's regents make a secret plan -- they send down pitch. To attempt to block the eastern port of Brundisium Oxford world 's 1998. Is spared, as they note the cruel example set by Gomphi his [ Caesar 's check! But withdraws from the ancient Rome, early January 49 BCE is Gaius Claudius Marcellus Marcellus! Opposed by Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus ( Domitius ) block of beginning text ] und die Optimaten Sulla... Sea battle off the enemy from water, fuel, and in the consular he... Later, Caesar controlled all of Italy, III.23 - 24 Antonius Libo... Opinions in the consular election he is elected consul along with Lucius Lentulus with a great tower lighthouse,... Have wanted power above all else have taken over governments, but Marcus Antonius and Calenus successfully the... You want to attend yet leniency to his civic duty, he also ``! ; abortive negotiations for peace the Pompeians and Begins to wall in Pompey Ptolemy XIII in deference to soldiers. Meanwhile the cohesion of the most powerful leader Caesar became Roman dictator for life Caesar. 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